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cs.CRcs.DC
Local ID: 2605.05774v2
AI Summary: gemma4:e4b
SuperPaymaster: Eliminating Centralized Signer Authority via Asset-Oriented Abstraction to Reconcile Usability and Decentralization in Account Abstraction
By Huifeng Jiao, Nathapon Udomlertsakul
Revision History Timeline
v15/7/2026
5/7/2026
“36 pages, 14 figures. Includes Optimism Mainnet measurement study (n=50 per system) and GOMS cognitive analysis. Submission under consideration at Ledger journal”
v25/26/2026
5/26/2026
“56 pages, 13 figures. Includes an Optimism Mainnet measurement study (n=50 per system) and a GOMS cognitive analysis”
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Title Comparison
SuperPaymaster: Eliminating Centralized Signer Authority via Asset-Oriented Abstraction to Reconcile Usability and Decentralization in Account Abstraction
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v1 Comment
“36 pages, 14 figures. Includes Optimism Mainnet measurement study (n=50 per system) and GOMS cognitive analysis. Submission under consideration at Ledger journal”
v2 Comment
“56 pages, 13 figures. Includes an Optimism Mainnet measurement study (n=50 per system) and a GOMS cognitive analysis”
Abstract Word Diff
Most production ERC-4337 Paymasters rely on Process-Oriented Abstraction (POA): a centralized off-chain server signs each sponsorship request and thereforerequest, actsacting as a potential censorship bottleneck. We propose Asset-Oriented Abstraction (AOA), which encapsulatesencapsulating payment capability in a persistent, user-owned on-chain asset -- the ``GasGas Card''Card -- rather than in an off-chain signing process. Following the Design Science Research,Research (DSR) methodology, we implement SuperPaymaster on Optimism Mainnet.Mainnet, Itsanchoring sponsorship validity is anchored in on-chain Soulbound Token state and deterministic policy rules, removing the off-chain signer as a hard validity gate. We evaluate gas cost on Optimism Mainnetcosts usingvia single-UserOp ERC-20 transfers ($n{=}50$ peron system).Optimism Trace-levelMainnet decomposition(n isolates= an50 approximatelyper 32k-gassystem). deltaIn aspure theL2 execution cost of eliminating centralizedgas signing.(txGasUsed; InactualGasUsed pure= L2txGasUsed execution+ gas,PVG), SuperPaymaster (167,830) is lower than both vendor-as-deployedevaluated commercialPOA samples,baselines: includingAlchemy Gas Manager (205,951) and Pimlico ERC-20 paymaster (328,937). It still pays a 49\%~32,000-gas reductionon-chain againstverification theoverhead DEX-routedversus ERC-20Alchemy, baselinebut (328,937),reduces becausegas itby replaces49% anversus Pimlico by replacing on-chain liquidationtoken pathliquidation with an internal balance update. In total billed gas, the remaining gap toSuperPaymaster the(286,818) cheapestexceeds baselineAlchemy is(257,299) explaineddue primarilyto byhigher bundler pricingPVG ratheroverhead, thannot paymaster architecture. ACode failoverstructural simulationanalysis showsand on-chain Mainnet evidence confirm that non-cooperativesponsorship relayersvalidity canrequires beno bypassedoff-chain whensigning anserver: alternativevalidatePaymasterUserOp relayerreads isonly available.on-chain state. These findings suggest that AOA can reducemitigate the tension among usability, sponsorshipusability-decentralization-efficiency decentralization,trade-offs andin economicgas efficiency.payment.