This paper introduces Audio BERT (AuB) and SpInv, methods for recovering embeddings from speech tokens and performing speaker inversion attacks using only three seconds of frontend output.
Proposes a new method for speaker inversion attacks using speech tokens and achieves high accuracy with only three seconds of frontend output.
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Applications
- →Speech recognition, voice biometrics, and privacy-preserving spoken interaction systems
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- Fundamentals of speech recognition, natural language processing, and machine learningfind papers →
Abstract
More Like ThisEnd-to-end speech language models increasingly represent user speech with speech tokens rather than relying exclusively on cascaded ASR--LLM--TTS pipelines. Although these tokens support expressive and low-latency spoken interaction, they may also preserve sensitive speaker characteristics. We investigate whether exposed speech tokens leak voiceprints and formulate this risk as a speaker inversion attack. We introduce Audio BERT (AuB), a trainable model that constructs token embeddings from discrete codebooks and aggregates them into speaker-sensitive representations, and propose SpInv, a two-stage inversion method built on AuB to recover embeddings in the space of an attacker-specified speaker encoder. We evaluate Moshi, Higgs3, Kimi-Audio, and Qwen3-Omni using speaker-disjoint protocols on the VoxCeleb dataset. Extensive experiments show that, with only three seconds of frontend output, SpInv achieves cosine similarities above 0.70 in the attacker-specified speaker-encoder space.