The paper proposes n-VM, a novel Layer-1 architecture that unifies multiple heterogeneous virtual machines (VMs) onto a shared consensus and state layer, solving cross-chain fragmentation issues.

The paper introduces ClawCoin, a novel tokenized, compute-cost-indexed unit of account designed to solve the problem of non-transferable compute costs in decentralized AI agent economies.

This paper analyzes the x402 payment protocol, revealing systemic vulnerabilities in state synchronization and signature design that allow attackers to exploit payment systems for resource leakage in…

This paper analyzes the x402 payment protocol, revealing critical synchronization and security flaws that allow attackers to exploit payment systems and force merchants to subsidize compute costs.

The paper proposes BitSov, an eight-layer, Bitcoin-native architectural framework designed to build sovereign internet infrastructure by composing existing decentralized technologies.

The paper analyzes transaction fee mechanisms in modern blockchains that use parallel execution and contingency, proving an inherent trade-off between minimizing risks for users and maximizing revenue…

This paper analyzes Bitcoin's new V2 P2P transport protocol, demonstrating that while it fixes known vulnerabilities, attackers can still execute conceptual attacks like message identification via pay…

The paper analyzes Ethereum builder transactions to show that builder centralization is an emergent property of the Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS) architecture, driven by specific order flow and ME…

This paper advances the lightweight blockchain verification protocol, FlyClient, by addressing technical challenges, introducing a new adversary model, and providing practical implementations and opti…

The paper proposes a hash-based commit-reveal alternative to minimize the infrastructural overhead associated with adopting large post-quantum signature schemes in blockchain transactions.

This paper proposes a self-adaptive block creation process for blockchain systems that automatically optimizes configurations to reduce transaction latency by predicting performance based on workload…

The paper introduces probabilistic swaps, a new cryptographic primitive that extends traditional atomic swaps to enable trustless, randomized exchanges with verifiable, fixed probabilities.

The paper introduces Bitcoin Smart Accounts (BSA), a novel, trust-minimized protocol enabling native Bitcoin to participate in DeFi while maintaining self-custody of funds.

The paper introduces SuperPaymaster, an Asset-Oriented Abstraction (AOA) paymaster that eliminates the need for a centralized off-chain signer, thereby improving the decentralization and efficiency of…

The paper systematizes the interaction between autonomous AI agents and blockchain platforms using a bidirectional trust framework, identifying significant gaps in current standards and proposing a ta…

The paper introduces distance-preserving transaction digests, a new primitive that replaces standard collision-resistant hashes, enabling more efficient and robust Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) cons…

The paper introduces the Unicity Execution Layer, a secure, modular component that enables trustless off-chain transactions while guaranteeing double-spending prevention and enhancing user privacy.

This paper analyzes the x402 agentic payment protocol, demonstrating through five concrete, practical attacks that it is vulnerable across multiple stages of its payment workflow.

GasLiteAA proposes optimizing the ERC-4337 standard by offloading gas sponsorship logic to Trusted Execution Environments (TEE), significantly reducing on-chain gas costs while maintaining security an…

The paper introduces ODYSSEY, a confidential blockchain that mitigates execution-inference and execution-replay attacks by implementing a delegation model, achieving high throughput and low latency in…